2022 Sep 29;12:905757. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.905757. Moein S.T., Hashemian S.M., Mansourafshar B., Khorram-Tousi A., Tabarsi P., Doty R.L. PMC However, Hura etal. Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The importance of studies that demonstrate that patients affected by COVID-19 can persist with decreased sense of smell or total loss for 6 months after infection lies in the fact that potential treatments for their complete recovery need to be investigated. This mechanism is supported by the abundant expression of the two entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium (Butowt e Bartheld, 2020). The BRS consensus recommends the use of corticosteroids as nasal spray in patients with loss of smell for more than 2 weeks associated with nasal symptoms, but does not recommend the use of oral corticosteroids (Hopkins etal., 2021b). Petrocelli M., Ruggiero F., Baietti A.M., Pandolfi P., Salzano G., Salzano F.A., Lechien J.R., Saussez S., De Riu G., Vaira L.A. This is reflected in the increased transmission of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine and glutamate in brain areas responsible for cognitive function (Stafford e Orgill, 2020). Anosmia is a complete loss of smell sensation. The main reason for choosing coffee as a laboratory material in the present study is that due to its caffeine content, coffee can affect the sense of smell and taste of COVID-19 patients. However, more robust data are needed with clinically relevant results in the long term, as the current evidence is not sufficient to justify the recommendation of this treatment (Hura etal., 2020). The conclusion was that there was recovery in a relatively short time when applying this systematic sensory training (Petrocelli etal., 2020). The latter phenomenon can compromise the trigeminal and olfactory nerve resulting in dysosmia and dysgeusia (Natoli etal., 2020; Keyhan etal., 2020; Li, 2020). The two main infection pathways are the hematogenous and the neuronal, with the olfactory route (where nasal cell express high levels of ACE2), along with the lymphatic tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid play a significant role in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion (Trougakos etal., 2021). True ageusia a complete loss of taste is rare.
Persistent impact on smell and taste in COVID-19 patients one year later Loss of sense of taste is also a possible symptom of COVID-19. 2021 Aug;278(8):3113-3117. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06520-8.
Mechanism of Anosmia Caused by Symptoms of COVID-19 and Emerging Treatments Due to this lack of difference in randomized controlled trials, Hura etal. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. Arch. Henkin R.I., Velicu I., Schmidt L. An open-label controlled trial of theophylline for treatment of patients with hyposmia. One of the possible explanations for its lower prevalence is that the sensation of taste involves several senses, including smell, temperature and texture of the food. RT @LauraMiers: "COVID-19 seems to show an affinity for neural tissue as there have been reports of encephalitis, encephalopathy, cranial neuropathies, Guillain . We observed greater anosmia in female mice than . Investigators are presenting a prospective proportional case-control study that is conducted to investigate the COVID-19 cases with anosmia and /or Ageusia in a university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Henkin R.I., Velicu I. Etiological relationships of parotid saliva cyclic nucleotides in patients with taste and smell dysfunction. A systematic review of 151 studies revealed that > 50% of COVID-19 patients still had at least one symptom 12 months after a confirmed infection [ 11 ]. Smell sensation often returns to normal after a cold, but when it's caused by nerve damage or another type of damage, it might be permanent or . Understanding your diagnosis can help you make informed decisions about your health. The lowest recovery rate was related to patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, while people who did not have underlying diseases recovered more quickly after consuming coffee. anosmia; coronavirus; covid-19; loss of smell; management; olfactory dysfunction; treatment. Reden J., Lill K., Zahnert T., Haehner A., Hummel T. Olfactory function in patients with postinfectious and posttraumatic smell disorders before and after treatment with vitamin A: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Ageusia is the loss of sense of taste. Anosmia is the loss of sense of smell. Epub 2021 Jan 9. Komai M., Goto T., Suzuki H., Takeda T., Furukawa Y. Zinc deficiency and taste dysfunction; contribution of carbonic anhydrase, a zinc-metalloenzyme, to normal taste sensation. Boscolo-Rizzo P., Menegaldo A., Fabbris C., Spinato G., Borsetto D., Vaira L.A., Calvanese L., Pettorelli A., Sonego M., Frezza D., Bertolin A., Cestaro W., Rigoli R., D'Alessandro A., Tirelli G., Da Mosto M.C., Menini A., Polesel J., Hopkins C. Six-Month psychophysical evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies
InViennaVeritas on Twitter: "RT @LauraMiers: "COVID-19 seems to show an More than a year and a half after the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, symptoms, such as loss of smell and taste (anosmia and ageusia, respectively), remain difficult to characterize and quantify, especially in children, since no validated tests to assess these disorder Effect of omega-3 supplementation in patients with smell dysfunction following endoscopic sellar and parasellar tumor resection: a multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial. In a prospective uncontrolled study, 23 patients with PIOD were treated with 600mg/day of ALA for an average of 45 months in which a moderate improvement in smell was observed in 61% of the participants (Hummel etal., 2002). -, Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Olfactory systems are directly harmed by new coronaviruses when they connect with sustentacular cells' ACE-2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme-2) receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci. Hopkins C., Surda P., Vaira L.A., Lechien J.R., Safarian M., Saussez S., Kumar N. Six month follow-up of self-reported loss of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic. suggested that the intranasal application of sodium citrate might improve hyposmia by decreasing the levels of calcium in the mucus in the nose (Panagiotopoulos etal., 2005). The main reason for choosing coffee as a laboratory material in the present study is that due to its caffeine content, coffee can affect the sense of smell and taste of COVID-19 patients. recommend this olfactory training for patients who complain of hyposmia or anosmia for more than 2 weeks (Hopkins etal., 2021b; Hura etal., 2020). Vaira L.A., Hopkins C., Petrocelli M., Lechien J.R., Chiesa-Estomba C.M., Salzano G., Cucurullo M., Salzano F.A., Saussez S., Boscolo-Rizzo P., Biglioli F., De Riu G. Smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a 60-day objective and prospective study. The first study showed a prevalence of parosmia in 43% of the patients with an average duration of 2.5 months (Hopkins etal., 2021). Youngentob S.L., Kent P.F.
Turmeric as a Possible Treatment for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia Accessibility This short period of long COVID may be contributed to the impact on QoL. But ageusia is the only condition that results in a complete loss of taste function. Le Bon SD, Konopnicki D, Pisarski N, Prunier L, Lechien JR, Horoi M. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. A systematic review involving 198 individual cases of COVID-19, in which pathological findings were reviewed, has revealed that in addition to the lungs, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in several other organs, including heart, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, lymph nodes, skin and placenta (Polak etal., 2020). Does SARS-Cov-2 invade the brain? There is no therapeutic regimen for ageusia (Tanasa etal., 2020). Clin. Otolaryngol. In this study, four odors were used in the classic olfactory training for 12 weeks. Other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the loss of taste caused by SARS-CoV-2 such as the occupation of sialic acid receptors by the virus which results in the degradation of taste particles (Vaira etal., 2020a). Whitcroft K.L., Ezzat M., Cuevas M., Andrews P., Hummel T. The effect of intranasal sodium citrate on olfaction in post-infectious loss: results from a prospective, placebo-controlled trial in 49 patients. Henkin R. Intranasal delivery to the brain. Hosseini and colleagues have reported that caffeine enhanced the sense of smell and taste in people with COVID-19. Loss of sense of taste.
PDF update article - JAPI Lancet Respir Med. In most cases, treating the underlying condition that led to ageusia helps restore your taste function. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342636/). Loss of sense of smell. found that 81.6% of the infected patients reported total loss of smell while 18.4% reported partial loss. Hosseini A., Mirmahdi E., Moghaddam M.A. Cooper K.W., Brann D.H., Farruggia M.C., Bhutani S., Pellegrino R., Tsukahara T., Weinreb C., Joseph P.V., Larson E.D., Parma V., et al. All of these conditions are possible symptoms of COVID-19, but they can also occur due to a number of other health problems.
Treatment of Anosmia and Ageusia in COVID-19 Patients by Using Coffee It has been suggested that the drop in the nasal levels of zinc may induce transient anosmia due to the decreased activity of zinc-dependent carbonic anhydrase (CA) that is involved in the taste and smell perception. An official website of the United States government. Efficacy and safety of oral corticosteroids and olfactory training in the management of COVID-19-related loss of smell. For instance, in a population in which 2% of the people have COVID-19, the loss of smell or taste would increase a persons' likelihood of having COVID-19 to 8% ( Struyf et . Stafford L.D., Orgill K. The effects of caffeine on olfactory function and mood: an exploratory study. The site is secure. 2021 Dec 5;912:174582. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174582. Several hypotheses explain the mechanism of anosmia in patients suffering from COVID-19. In addition, they can be effective in relieving the symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia, as some studies argue that systemic corticosteroids can improve smell function in PIOD (Seo etal., 2009; Kanjanaumporn etal., 2020). Hopkins C., Alanin M., Philpott C., Harries P., Whitcroft K., Qureishi A., Anari S., Ramakrishnan Y., Sama A., Davies E., Stew B., Gane S., Carrie S., Hathorn I., Bhalla R., Kelly C., Hill N., Boak D., Nirmal Kumar B. Henkin R.I., Velicu I., Schmidt L. Relative resistance to oral theophylline treatment in patients with hyposmia manifested by decreased secretion of nasal mucus cyclic nucleotides. (Figure4). government site. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Lovato A., de Filippis C., Marioni G. Upper airway symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In most cases, treating the underlying cause of ageusia can restore your taste. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a calamitous perturbation of society worldwide. Anosmia and ageusia (or hyposmia and dysgeusia) have been recognized as two common expressions of COVID-19 infection that linger for days to weeks, and in rare cases are thought to be immutable. do not recommend treating PIOD with vitamin A (Hura etal., 2020). Corticosteroids have also been used as a pharmacological approach to treat patients with olfactory dysfunction with some contradictory results. Henkin R.I., Levy L.M., Fordyce A. One hypothesis is that it can result from the obstruction of the olfactory clefts, thus preventing the activation of sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (Tham etal., 2020). The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The strong association of anosmia-ageusia with self-reported positive SARS-CoV-2 test was consistently observed, supporting its validity as a reliable COVID-19 signal, regardless of the participatory surveillance platform, country, phase of illness, or testing policy. Saedisomeolia etal. In addition to ageusia and dysgeusia, other taste disorders include hypogeusia (decreased sensitivity to taste) and hypergeusia (increased sensitivity to taste). This condition makes it difficult to detect tastes like sweet, sour, salty or bitter. Park Y.J., Walls A.C., Wang Z., et al. 2- Occupation of sialic acid receptors by the virus itself, accelerating the degradation of taste buds (below). The study investigated the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction during 6 months with 18% of the subjects describing altered sense of smell or taste. -, Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study. Balmer J.E., Blomhoff R. Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid. Hypogeusia. WHO has registered 126,697,603 confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide with 2,776,175 deaths in 223 countries as of March 29, 2021 (WHO, 2021). On the other hand, the route of entry of the coronavirus into the brain might be through: 1- the olfactory nerves; 2- the cribriform plaque or 3- the peripheral trigeminal. Many people with ageusia find it difficult to eat, but a healthy diet ensures that youre obtaining the nutrition you need. The disease caused by the new coronavirus was named coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2020 (Keyhan etal., 2020). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Vaira L.A., Hopkins C., Petrocelli M., Lechien J.R., Cutrupi S., Salzano G., Chiesa-Estomba C.M., Saussez S., De Riu G. Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of long- lasting olfactory disorders in COVID-19 patients. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 09/29/2021. Scangas G.A., Bleier B.S. Eur. Seo B.S., Lee H.J., Mo J.H., Lee C.H., Rhee C.S., Kim J.W. The loss of sense of smell or taste substantially increases the likelihood of COVID-19 infection. Bookshelf Would you like email updates of new search results? Kollndorfer K., Fischmeister F.P., Kowalczyk K., Hoche E., Mueller C.A., Trattnig S., Schpf V. Olfactory training induces changes in regional functional connectivity in patients with long-term smell loss. Fodoulian Leon, Tuberosa Joel, Rossier Daniel, Landis Basile N., Carleton Alan, Rodriguez e Ivan. SARS-CoV-2 receptor and entry genes are expressed by sustentacular cells in the human olfactory neuroepithelium. SARS-CoV-2 can induce anosmia and ageusia at more than 10- and 8-fold higher rates compared to other respiratory or COVID-19-like diseases . Reichert J.L., Schpf V. Olfactory loss and regain: lessons for neuroplasticity. This review points to the need for randomized clinical trials to prove the effectiveness of these therapies in post-COVID PIOD. Olfactory taste disorder as a presenting symptom of COVID-19: a large single-center Singapore study. COVID-19 is an infectious disease that varies from mild to more severe respiratory disorders, with common respiratory manifestations such as dry cough, fever, dyspnoea, arthralgia and malaise (Villalba etal., 2020). The main cause of the latter is the direct damage that SARS-CoV-2 causes in olfactory receptor neurons located in the olfactory epithelium (Kanjanaumporn etal., 2020; Butowt and Bartheld, 2020). Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Equils O., Lekaj K., Wu A., Fattani S., Liu G., Rink L. Intra-nasal zinc level relationship to COVID-19 anosmia and type 1 interferon response: a proposal. However, its most common in adults over the age of 50. In this perspective, A2a adenosine receptors may participate in the process of deficit in odor function and may be temporarily reversed by the antagonism action of caffeine in these receptors. Zayet and colleagues compared the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 with those of influenza and found a higher prevalence of anosmia (53 vs. 17%) and dysgeusia (49 vs. 20%) in patients with COVID-19 (Zayet etal., 2020). Ageusia may be caused by infections, certain medications, nutritional deficiencies or other factors. Another explanation for the acquired ageusia may be associated with a competitive activity of SARS-CoV-2 on ACE2 receptors in the taste buds (Vaira etal., 2020c; Tsuruoka etal., 2005). Xu H., Zhong L., Deng J., et al. Other suggested processes include the virus's infiltration of the olfactory nerve and the ensuing local inflammation. MeSH Addison A.B., Wong B., Ahmed T., Macchi A., Konstantinidis I., Huart C., Frasnelli J., Fjaeldstad A.W., Ramakrishnan V.R., Rombaux P., Whitcroft K.L., Holbrook E.H., Poletti S.C., Hsieh J.W., Landis B.N., Boardman J., Welge-Lssen A., Maru D., Hummel T., Philpott C.M. Our field has already contributed meaningfully to the development and repurposing of many of the immune-based therapeutics which are now standard treatments for severe forms of the disease as well as to the understanding of the epidemiology . In contrast, the coexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 has been observed in key support cells (including sustaining cells, Bowman's gland and microvillary cells) and in stem cells that repopulate the epithelium after damage (Brann etal., 2020). The role of omega-3 on anti-inflammatory mechanisms has already been extensively investigated. Henkin R.I., Velicu I. cAMP and cGMP in nasal mucus related to severity of smell loss in patients with smell dysfunction. Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. COVID-19, Smell, Taste, Anosmia, Ageusia, Therapeutics. -. Moreover, RNA polymerase activity is partially inhibited by zinc (te Velthuis etal., 2010). Efficacy of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. However, four recently published studies (Brann etal., 2020; Chen etal., 2020; Fodoulian etal., 2020; Ziegler etal., 2020) investigated the cells in the olfactory epithelium that express ACE2 and other genes of viral entry and concluded that olfactory sensory neurons do not express ACE2. (Note: Most people who develop ageusia as a coronavirus symptom also have anosmia a loss of sense of smell.). Researchers have discovered that the neurological side effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection include acute anosmia and ageusia. The aim of this review is to report the evidences from the scientific literature on the pathophysiology and the available treatments for olfactory-gustatory disorders in patients with COVID-19. Anti-inflammatory effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA in rhinovirus-infected cultured airway epithelial cells.
Management of Anosmia in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review Turmeric as a Possible Treatment for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia In humans, the mechanisms of possible viral transport via the olfactory nerve and subsequent spread in the CNS are poorly understood. 2020;20:23442347. Yan C.H., Rathor A., Krook K., Ma Y., Rotella M.R., Dodd R.L., Hwang P.H., Nayak J.V., Oyesiku N.M., DelGaudio J.M., Levy J.M., Wise J., Wise S.K., Patel Z.M. Natoli S., Oliveira V., Calabresi P., Maia L.F., Pisani A. Oral therapy is also limited due to its side effects (sleep and gastrointestinal disorders as well as tachycardia and anxiety) and interactions with other drugs (Henkin etal., 2009, 2013). In addition, studies indicate that theophylline, used by oral and intranasal routes, improves patients' sense of smell and taste, probably due to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase and increased levels of cAMP and cGMP, which may result in regeneration of the olfactory neuroepithelium (Henkin etal., 2009, 2011, 2012). eCollection 2022. If a cold or flu caused ageusia, your taste may return after taking antihistamines or decongestants. Whitcroft K.L., Hummel T. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: diagnosis and management. Altundag A., Saatci O., Sanli D., Duz O.A., Sanli A.N., Olmuscelik O., Temirbekov D., Kandemirli S.G., Karaaltin A.B. They attach to receptor cells in nasal mucus membranes. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Keyhan S.O., Fallahi H.R., Cheshmi B. Dysosmia and dysgeusia due to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus; a hypothesis that needs further investigation. In all of the aforementioned studies, the sodium citrate spray was well tolerated with side effects that included transient rhinorrhea, sore throat and nasal obstruction.
Journal of the Association of Physicians of India - JAPI 2020;8:475481. Ageusia is the loss of sense of taste. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Ageusia is the loss of sense of taste. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Some questions you may want to ask your healthcare provider include. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28802932/). The ability to differentiate flavors depends on retronasal stimulation and, because it depends on separate stimuli, it becomes less frequent than anosmia. The authors concluded that it is uncertain whether the inflammatory neuropathy resulted from direct viral damage or was mediated by damage to supporting non-neural cells (Kirschenbaum etal., 2020). Yan C.H., Faraji F., Prajapati D.P., Boone C.E., DeConde A.S. Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms. showed that anosmia and ageusia happen simultaneously with the increase in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important pro-inflammatory cytokine (Cazzolla etal., 2020). The pathophysiology of these disorders is multifactorial and few therapies have been shown to be effective in recovering smell and taste functions after COVID-19 infection. In addition, it is believed that there is a reduction in salivary flow which may distort the sense of taste and/or ageusia. In other disorders, odors, tastes, or flavors may be misread or distorted. Rebholz H., Braun R.J., Ladage D., Knoll W., Kleber C., Hassel A.W. The interpretation of corticosteroids efficacy should be carefully evaluated because partial or complete spontaneous recovery occurs in about one-third of the patients within a year after infection (Kanjanaumporn etal., 2020; Daramola e Becker, 2015). (2021) carried out a prospective study with 183 patients that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and had mild to moderate symptoms.
Diode laser in management of loss of taste sensation in patients with In addition, another possible mechanism is through a decrease in the sensitivity of the sensory neuron reflexes (Keyhan etal., 2020). What's new with the old coronaviruses?
Investigating Anosmia and Ageusia in COVID-19 Adult Patients in Saudi Brann David H., Tsukahara Tatsuya, Weinreb Caleb, Lipovsek Marcela, Van den Berge Koen, Gong Boying, Chance Rebecca, et al. Could my medications be causing my loss of taste? After contact with droplets containing viral particles from an infected patient, the virus penetrates the nasal cavity reaching the receptors for smell and the olfactory nerve, which characterizes the transneural pathway. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. This condition makes it difficult to detect tastes like sweet, sour, salty or bitter. Previous reports have suggested that repeated short-term exposure to different odors may result in increased growth of olfactory receptor neurons and increased olfactory receptor expression (Youngentob e Kent, 1995; Hudson e Distel, 1998). Henkin R.I., Velicu I. Aetiological relationships of nasal mucus cyclic nucleotides in patients with taste and smell dysfunction. Saedisomeolia A., Wood L.G., Garg M.L., Gibson P.G., Wark P.A. Elevated ACE2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Hoffmann M., Kleine-Weber H., Schroeder S., Krger N., Herrler T., Erichsen S., Schiergens T.S., Herrler G., Wu N.H., Nitsche A., Mller M.A., Drosten C., Phlmann S. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Singh etal. The prevalence of smell and taste dysfunctions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is high. Enhancement of odorant-induced mucosal activity patterns in rats trained on an odorant identification task.
2020;163:311. Theophylline is suggested to inhibit phosphodiesterase and increase secondary messengers, such as cAMP and cGMP, therefore assisting in the regeneration of the olfactory neuroepithelium (Henkin etal., 2009, 2011). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Vaira L.A., Salzano G., Deiana G., De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients. concluded that 18.8% and 14.1% of patients who recovered from COVID-19 still have persistent symptoms, long-term as anosmia and ageusia, respectively, after a follow-up period of 67 days. Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause diseases that range from a common cold to more serious disorders such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)CoV (Cascella etal., 2020). But there are things you can do to lower your risk: If youve been diagnosed with ageusia, your healthcare provider can help you find ways to manage your symptoms until you regain your sense of taste.
Cerebrolycin for Treatment of Covid-related Anosmia and Ageusia Sometimes, ageusia can be resolved by improving your lifestyle habits. Shabaan AA, Kassem I, Mahrous AI, Aboulmagd I, Badrah M, Attalla M, Refahee SM. Omega-3 supplementation was found to be protective against olfactory loss during the recovery period after skull base surgery and therefore, may have potential in aiding recovery after post-viral olfactory loss, although this has not been formally tested in post-COVID-19 patients (Yan etal., 2020b; Vaira etal., 2020d). Ziegler C., Allon S.J., Nyquist S.K., Mbano I.M., Miao V.N., Tzouanas C.N., Cao Y., Yousif A.S., Bals J., Hauser B.M., Feldman J., Muus C., Wadsworth M.H., 2nd, Kazer S.W., Hughes T.K., Doran B., Gatter G.J., Vukovic M., Taliaferro F., Mead B.E., et al. This condition affects your ability to detect odors. They did not identify a greater role in the olfactory function, with positive results (identification of an odorous threshold) for caffeine users, presenting more pronounced effects on more attention and vigilance.